In computer science, a binary tree is a tree data structure in which each node has at most two children. Typically the first node is known as the parent and the child nodes are called left and right. In type theory, a binary tree with nodes of type A is defined inductively as TA = μα. 1 + A × α × α. Binary trees are commonly used to implement binary search trees and binary heaps.
Graph theorists use the following definition: A binary tree is a connected acyclic graph such that the degree of each vertex is no more than 3. It can be shown that in any binary tree, there are exactly two more nodes of degree one than there are of degree three, but there can be any number of nodes of degree two. A rooted binary tree is such a graph that has one of its vertices of degree no more than 2 singled out as the root.
With the root thus chosen, each vertex will have a uniquely defined parent, and up to two children; however, so far there is insufficient information to distinguish a left or right child. If we drop the connectedness requirement, allowing multiple connected components in the graph, we call such a structure a forest.
Another way of defining binary trees is a recursive definition on directed graphs. A binary tree is either:
A single vertex.
A graph formed by taking two binary trees, adding a vertex, and adding an edge directed from the new vertex to the root of each binary tree.
This also does not establish the order of children, but does fix a specific root node.
The groupings of pairs of nodes in a tree can be represented as pairs of letters, surrounded by parenthesis. Thus, (a b) denotes the binary tree whose left subtree is a and whose right subtree is b. Strings of balanced pairs of parenthesis may therefore be used to denote binary trees in general. The set of all possible strings consisting entirely of balanced parentheses is known as the Dyck language.
Given n nodes, the total number of ways in which these nodes can be arranged into a binary tree is given by the Catalan number Cn. For example, C2 = 2 declares that (a 0) and (0 a) are the only binary trees possible that have two nodes, and C3 = 5 declares that ((a 0) 0), (0 a) 0), (0 (a 0)), (0 (0 a)), and (a b) are the only five binary trees possible that have 3 nodes. Here 0 represents a subtree that is not present.
The ability to represent binary trees as strings of symbols and parentheses implies that binary trees can represent the elements of a magma. Conversely, the set of all possible binary trees, together with the natural operation of attaching trees to one-another, forms a magma, the free magma.
Given a string representing a binary tree, the operators to obtain the left and right subtrees are sometimes referred to as car and cdr.
repeat
Write('Masukkan angka ke-',k,' : ');readln(i);
if(i <> '') then
begin
Val(i,d[k],Code);
if(Code <> 0) then
d[k] := 0;
end;
Inc(k);
until (k > 100) or (i = '');
c := k - 2;
end;
procedure Swap(var a,b: Integer);
var
t: Integer;
begin
t := a;
a := b;
b := t;
end;
procedure Tampil(d: Array100; c: Integer);
var
i: Integer;
begin
for i:=1 to c do
Write(d[i]:5);
Writeln;
end;
procedure Sorting(var d: Array100; a,b: Integer);
var
a1, b1, pivot: Integer;
begin
a1:=a;
b1:=b;
pivot:= d[(a+b) div 2];
repeat
while(d[a1] < pivot) do
Inc(a1);
while(d[b1] > pivot) do
Dec(b1);
if (a1<=b1) then
begin
Swap(d[a1], d[b1]);
Inc(a1);
Dec(b1);
end;
until (a1 > b1);
Tampil(d,b);
if (a < b1) then
Sorting(d,a,b1);
if (a1 < b) then
Sorting(d,a1,b);
end;
begin
InputData(Data, DataCount);
Writeln;
Writeln('Sebelum diurutkan');
Tampil(Data,DataCount);
Sorting(Data,1,DataCount); {data, index terkecil, index terbesar/banyak data}
Writeln;
Writeln('Sesudah diurutkan');
Tampil(Data,DataCount);
end.
repeat
Write('Masukkan angka ke-',k,' : ');readln(i);
if(i <> '') then
begin
Val(i,d[k],Code);
if(Code <> 0) then
d[k] := 0;
end;
Inc(k);
until (k > 100) or (i = '');
c := k - 2;
end;
procedure Swap(var a,b: Integer);
var
t: Integer;
begin
t := a;
a := b;
b := t;
end;
procedure Sorting(var d: Array100; c: Integer);
var
lok, i, j: Integer;
begin
for i:= 1 to c-1 do
begin
lok := i;
for j:=i+1 to c do
if(d[j] < d[lok]) then
lok := j;
Swap(d[i],d[lok]);
end;
end;
procedure Tampil(d: Array100; c: Integer);
var
i: Integer;
begin
for i:=1 to c do
Write(d[i]:5);
Writeln;
end;
begin
InputData(Data, DataCount);
Writeln;
Writeln('Sebelum diurutkan');
Tampil(Data,DataCount);
Sorting(Data,DataCount);
Writeln;
Writeln('Sesudah diurutkan');
Tampil(Data,DataCount);
end.
repeat
Write('Masukkan angka ke-',k,' : ');readln(i);
if(i <> '') then
begin
Val(i,d[k],Code);
if(Code <> 0) then
d[k] := 0;
end;
Inc(k);
until (k > 100) or (i = '');
c := k - 2;
end;
procedure Swap(var a,b: Integer);
var
t: Integer;
begin
t := a;
a := b;
b := t;
end;
procedure Sorting(var d: Array100; c: Integer);
var
lok, i, j: Integer;
begin
for i:= 1 to c-1 do
begin
lok := i;
for j:=i+1 to c do
if(d[j] < d[lok]) then
lok := j;
Swap(d[i],d[lok]);
end;
end;
procedure Tampil(d: Array100; c: Integer);
var
i: Integer;
begin
for i:=1 to c do
Write(d[i]:5);
Writeln;
end;
begin
InputData(Data, DataCount);
Writeln;
Writeln('Sebelum diurutkan');
Tampil(Data,DataCount);
Sorting(Data,DataCount);
Writeln;
Writeln('Sesudah diurutkan');
Tampil(Data,DataCount);
end.
repeat
Write('Masukkan angka ke-',k,' : ');readln(i);
if(i <> '') then
begin
Val(i,d[k],Code);
if(Code <> 0) then
d[k] := 0;
end;
Inc(k);
until (k > 100) or (i = '');
c := k - 2;
end;
procedure Swap(var a,b: Integer);
var
t: Integer;
begin
t := a;
a := b;
b := t;
end;
procedure Sorting(var d: Array100; c: Integer);
var
i,j: Integer;
begin
for i:=1 to c-1 do
for j:=c downto i+1 do
if(d[j] < d[j-1]) then
Swap(d[j],d[j-1]);
end;
procedure Tampil(d: Array100; c: Integer);
var
i: Integer;
begin
for i:=1 to c do
Write(d[i]:5);
Writeln;
end;
begin
InputData(Data, DataCount);
Writeln;
Writeln('Sebelum diurutkan');
Tampil(Data,DataCount);
Sorting(Data,DataCount);
Writeln;
Writeln('Sesudah diurutkan');
Tampil(Data,DataCount);
end.
In computer science and mathematics, a sorting algorithm is an algorithm that puts elements of a list in a certain order. The most-used orders are numerical order and lexicographical order. Efficient sorting is important to optimizing the use of other algorithms (such as search and merge algorithms) that require sorted lists to work correctly; it is also often useful for canonicalizing data and for producing human-readable output. More formally, the output must satisfy two conditions:
The output is in nondecreasing order (each element is no smaller than the previous element according to the desired total order);
The output is a permutation, or reordering, of the input.
Since the dawn of computing, the sorting problem has attracted a great deal of research, perhaps due to the complexity of solving it efficiently despite its simple, familiar statement. For example, bubble sort was analyzed as early as 1956.[1] Although many consider it a solved problem, useful new sorting algorithms are still being invented (for example, library sort was first published in 2004). Sorting algorithms are prevalent in introductory computer science classes, where the abundance of algorithms for the problem provides a gentle introduction to a variety of core algorithm concepts, such as big O notation, divide and conquer algorithms, data structures, randomized algorithms, best, worst and average case analysis, time-space tradeoffs, and lower bounds.
Classification
Sorting algorithms used in computer science are often classified by:
Computational complexity (worst, average and best behaviour) of element comparisons in terms of the size of the list . For typical sorting algorithms good behavior is and bad behavior is. (See Big O notation) Ideal behavior for a sort is . Comparison sorts, sort algorithms which only access the list via an abstract key comparison operation, need at least comparisons for most inputs.
Computational complexity of swaps (for "in place" algorithms).
Memory usage (and use of other computer resources). In particular, some sorting algorithms are "in place". This means that they need only or memory beyond the items being sorted and they don't need to create auxiliary locations for data to be temporarily stored, as in other sorting algorithms.
Recursion. Some algorithms are either recursive or non-recursive, while others may be both (e.g., merge sort).
Stability: stable sorting algorithms maintain the relative order of records with equal keys (i.e., values).
Whether or not they are a comparison sort. A comparison sort examines the data only by comparing two elements with a comparison operator.
General method: insertion, exchange, selection, merging, etc. Exchange sorts include bubble sort and quicksort. Selection sorts include shaker sort and heapsort.
Adaptability: Whether or not the presortedness of the input affects the running time. Algorithms that take this into account are known to be adaptive.
FOR EXAMPLE, SEE THE JAVA APPLET FOR THE SORTING ALGORITHMS IN LINK BELOW:
No special classes or libraries are used with this application. The complete source resides in the one file above. After downloading, the following should work in any JDK 1.2 compatible compiler:
javac MatrixCalculator.java java MatrixCalculator
Matrix Calculator Tips/Help
All Matrices must be symmetric (n x n)
Enter Matrix Elements Row by Row seperated by spaces.
Ex. (3x3)
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
Results will be placed in the C matrix.
The calculation of the determinant, by definition, is based upon a factorial number of calculations with respect to the size of the matrix. ie. a 3x3 matrix would have 6 calculations (3!) to make, whereas a 20x20 matrix would have 2.43 x 10^18 calculations (20!). So instead of brute forcing the calculations, I first do some operations on the matrix, which converts it to a upper triangular matrix, and then calculate the determinant by multipling down the diagonal, since everything below is 0, this will give the determinant.
Floating Points and Accuracies
For some reason computers aren't as accurate as I think they are, probably my calculation techniques. The accuracy of the numbers are probably only to 3 maybe 2 decimal places. If you keep applying operations to matrices and then use the resultant matrix a couple of times, the decimals get out of whack. Calculating an inverse and then multplying the matrix by it, is a good example of this.
Test Some Mathematical Theories
The determinant of A-inverse equals 1 over the determinant of A.
If two rows of matrix A are equal, the determinant of A equals 0.
det(A*B)=det(A)det(B)
A*B does not necessarily equal B*A
The determinant of A-transpose equals the determinant of A.
If the matrix B is constructed by interchanging two rows (columns) in matrix A, then the determinant of B equals the negative determinant of A
You can test, adj(A) = det(A) * inv(A), but this is the theorem I use to calculate the inverse, so it better work.
Mathematics and Linear Algebra Calculating the Determinant
The calculation of the determinant, by definition, is based upon a factorial number of calculations with respect to the size of the matrix. ie. a 3x3 matrix would have 6 calculations (3!), whereas a 20x20 matrix would have 2.43 x 10^18 calculations (20!).
So instead of brute forcing the calculations, I first do some operations on the matrix, which converts it to a upper triangular matrix, and then calculate the determinant by multipling down the diagonal, since everything below is 0, this will give the determinant.
See The Mathematics Behind Them for more information and mathematical explanations on the definitions and calculation techniques.
Click the spoiler below for displaying source-code
WARNING FOR MAC USERS: Any Mac user wishing to patch should get the 1.24a patch and then connect to battle.net for the final upgrade.
How to Install the patch:
If everything is fine, then just press BattleNet button, it will be automatic
If you downloaded it, just double click it.
How to check what version you have:
Just check the number under your Quit button. It should be 1.24.1.6374
Solving problems:
The most common problems of all is "Missing install path" problem. This problem is (99%) caused because game wasn't Installed, because it was only copied from another computer. The game is missing registry entries, thus, patch can't update. Example of "Missing path error"
First you need to download War3 Registry fix program. Click to Download. Unpack it, and just double click it. You should get this screen. Now click the Fix Reign of Chaos.
Find your Warcraft 3 folder. Its ussually at C:\Program Files\Warcraft III. At my example, its at C:\Warcraft III. When you find it, mark it untill that + becomes -. Now at that bar above, path should be correct, but program generates DIABLO2 folder. DELETE IT! That Diablo folder is program mistake. Delete it with Backspace or Delete button untill its gone like this:
1.
2.
Click the OK button and then click Yes like this:
Now, go to first page of program again and do everything again for Frozen Throne!
When you finaly finished this fixing, go to Warcraft 3 The Frozen Throne game. Just enter it, it doesn't matter what patch you have. When you enter the game, just Quit the game. You need this part to check if you did everything correct. Do this part no matter what!
If everything worked well, now you can upgrade to 1.24b without any errors! Use 6.62b map for testing.
Other problems
If you can't download the patch, try again, blizzard servers can be full!
If the 1.24b patch is less than 56.05MB, then download it again, maybe it was broke during download.
If you have specific problem which isn't in this guide, post it in this topic!
Disclaimer!
No talking about cracks, keygens or pirated software!
No Version Switcher discussion, check Dota Tools if you need it.
Only 6.62b and above are allowed. No discussion about 6.61c and below.
No Garena problems, please. I can't help you there, check Garena Support
If you have any ideas how to make this guide better, post them here. Remember, this isn't the only way, but it looks its the most newbie friendly. There are other ways with Regedit, but I don't find it easy for people which need small and helpfull programs, not registry files, and editing path at their own risk.
All in One Warcraft Version Switcher. Yeah, it's available now. Currently, there are 7 Warcraft 3 TFT versions file are available, Warcraft Patch 1.20e, 1.21, 1.21b, 1.22, 1.23, 1.24a & 1.24b. You can download any Warcraft 3 Patch version Switcher file you want to use. Check the download links & guide.
Steps:
1. Download standalone Warcraft Version Switcher from the link below and extract it.
Disfar is came from the tribe of the Murlocs from the lands of Felwood. The Undead Legions conquered their habitats and turned them into bases. The nightcrawler is the only one who have escaped in the terror of the lich king's army. He joined the Sentinel for him to have revenge on the death of his tribe and family. The nightcrawler can turn invisible when night, allowing him to spy his enemies. He can throw flashbangs in a certain range to blind his enemies and prevent them from attacking. The Scourge shall know the true anger of the Nightcrawler.
The night crawler will throws a flashbang in an area to damage, slow enemy units by 35% and to prevent them from attacking. The flashbang last for 2.5 seconds.
Level 1 - Deals 120 damage and has a 200 AOE. Level 2 - Deals 200 damage and has a 240 AOE. Level 3 - Deals 280 damage and has a 270 AOE. Level 4 - Deals 330 damage and has a 300 AOE.
Cooldown: 30 seconds Mana cost: 100/110/120/130
The casting time is 1 second.
The casting range is 400
Corrosive Scales
Allows the Nightcrawler to be scaly. Gives a chance to reflect the percentage of the received damage of the nightcrawler in an area near him.
Level 1 - 10% chance to reflect the 120% of the nightcrawler's received damage. Level 2 - 10% chance to reflect the 150% of the nightcrawler's received damage. Level 3 - 10% chance to reflect the 180% of the nightcrawler's received damage. Level 4 - 10% chance to reflect the 200% of the nightcrawler's received damage.
Passive
Night Crawl
The nightcrawler will become permanently invisible when night. The invisible will removed when the nightcrawler attacks, use a skill or when day comes.
Level 1 - The nightcrawler becomes invisible when night. Has 8 seconds fade time. Level 2 - The nightcrawler becomes invisible when night. Has 7 seconds fade time. Level 3 - The nightcrawler becomes invisible when night. Has 6 seconds fade time. Level 4 - The nightcrawler becomes invisible when night. Has 5 seconds fade time.
Passive
Death Stab
When the nightcrawler attacks in front it will deal a bonus damage but when it attacks from the rear, the attacked one will be slowed by 30%.
Level 1 - adds a bonus 25% of damage. Level 2 - adds a bonus 50% of damage. Level 3 - adds a bonus 75% of damage.
+
When you are invisible can easily use the skill, Nightcrawler's Flasbang to your enemies. +
Flashbang can slow and prevent the attack of enemies. In this state, you can deal a bonus damage when you attack in front.
Partition Wizard Home Edition (PWHE) is a free partition manager designed by MT Solution Ltd. It supports 32/64 bit Windows Operating System including Windows XP, Windows Vista , Windows 2000 Professional and Windows 7.
Home users can perform complicated partition operations by using this powerful but free partition manager to manage their hard disk partition such as Resizing partitions, Copying partitions, Create partition, Delete partition, Format partition, Convert partition, Explore partition, Hide partition, Change drive letter, Set active partition and Partition Recovery.
A keygen (an abbreviated form of "key generator") is a small program that will generate valid CD keys or serial/registration numbers for a piece of software. These are made available by software cracking groups for free download on various websites dedicated to software piracy. In some countries, the use of keygens to activate software without purchasing a genuine code is unlawful.
How registration key generators work
The author of a keygen typically uses a disassembler to look at the raw assembly code of the targeted program, checking either the software itself or the installer. Once access has been obtained to the program's code, the location of the subroutine(s) responsible for verifying that the key entered is valid are found. Using this knowledge, the algorithm may be reverse engineered to generate valid keys, which is then incorporated into the keygen.
With weaker serial protection schemes a complex reverse is not required as the key-checking code itself in the original application can be effectively copied and incorporated into a keygen. Weaker schemes sometimes internally generate a correct key inside the original application for comparison purposes (to determine whether the entered key is correct).
Some keygens use a brute force approach or brute force hybrid approach to creating valid keys. In these instances, rather than produce an exact reverse of the key check algorithm, the attacker uses a search technique, testing many possible combinations per second against the key validation check until a given combination produces a valid key.
Sometimes, keygens have code incorporated into the keygen to change the written code of a program in order for the code that is given via the keygen to work, but this is not typically done for a keygen, as it is considered 'impure' when a crack must be used in conjunction with a keygen; true keygens are considered as such when they generate valid keys and do not require an additional 'crack' i.e. modification to the original application code for generated keys to be accepted.
For request a keygen please email me use this format: Subject: ReqKeygen Message Body: Name of app/game/warez what you need the keygen
Short Message Service (SMS) is a communication service standardized in the GSM mobile communication system, using standardized communications protocols allowing the interchange of short text messages between mobile telephone devices. SMS text messaging is the most widely used data application on the planet, with 2.4 billion active users, or 74% of all mobile phone subscribers sending and receiving text messages on their phones.[citation needed] The SMS technology has facilitated the development and growth of text messaging. The connection between the phenomenon of text messaging and the underlying technology is so great that in parts of the world the term "SMS" is used as a synonym for a text message or the act of sending a text message, even when a different protocol is being used.
Have you ever thought that a Simple USB Drive can be used as a Destructive Tool for Hacking Passwords? Today I will give you the right tools.
As we all know, Windows stores most of the passwords which are used on a daily basis, including instant messenger passwords such as MSN, Yahoo, AOL, Windows messenger etc. Along with these, Windows also stores passwords of Outlook Express, SMTP, POP, FTP accounts and auto-complete passwords of many browsers like IE and Firefox. There exists many tools for recovering these passswords from their stored places.
Using these tools and an USB pendrive hack your friends passwords. Luckily for you i put every thing together for n00bs.
NB: Files are available in RAR format with passwords. If you want to know the password, please comment on this blog and leave your email address. I will send your password to your email address.
Jurnal Perpusnas RI
1. Database Proquest
proquest berisi artikel tentang pertanian, kesehatan, psikologi, ekonomi, sosial dll.
Alamat URL : http://proquest. pnri.go.id
User id: anggota
Password: anggota
2. Database Gale
berisi Teksbook
Alamat URL: http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/idpnri
Password: research
3. Database Westlaw
Berisi masalah Hukum
Alamat URL: http://web2. westlaw.com
Password: 6823415SPDH
Client id: 3 USER
CHANGING VALUE IN TBPM
mysql> update tblpm set idtblpm='9' where idtblpm='1';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
SHOW VALUE TBLPM
mysql> select * from tblpm order by data asc;
+---------+------+
| idtblpm | data |
+---------+------+
| 9 | A |
| 2 | B |
| 3 | C |
| 4 | D |
| 5 | E |
+---------+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
VALUE ON TBLCASCADE HAS BEEN CHANGED TOO
mysql> select * from tblcascade order by data asc;
+---------+--------------+------+
| idtblpm | idtblcascade | data |
+---------+--------------+------+
| 9 | 1 | A |
| 2 | 2 | B |
| 3 | 3 | C |
| 4 | 4 | D |
| 5 | 5 | E |
+---------+--------------+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
or 
